Cardiology 51-100

A 70-year-old man presents with progressive fatigue and shortness of breath over the past year. He reports occasional dizziness and chest discomfort when walking uphill. His medical history includes hypertension and hyperlipedeamia.

On examination, his blood pressure is 130/75 mmHg, and his pulse is regular but slow to rise. There is no jugular venous distension or lower limb oedema. You suspect aortic stenosis.

 

Which of the following physical examination findings are commonly associated with this condition? Select five (5) Correct answer.

 

A 75-year-old woman presents with worsening shortness of breath and exertional fatigue. She has a history of diabetes and chronic kidney disease. She denies chest pain but reports occasional lightheadedness when standing for long periods.

On examination, her blood pressure is 125/80 mmHg, and her pulse is regular but weak. You suspect aortic stenosis.

 

Which of the following physical examination findings are commonly associated with this condition? Select five (5) Correct answer.

 

A 72-year-old man presents with progressive exertional dyspnea, chest discomfort, and occasional dizziness over the past year. His past medical history includes hypertension and chronic kidney disease. He denies palpitations or episodes of syncope but states that he feels more fatigued with physical activity. On examination, his blood pressure is 135/75 mmHg. A harsh systolic murmur is heard at the right upper sternal border, radiating to the carotids. His carotid pulses are weak and slow to rise.

 

Which of the following investigations are most appropriate to confirm the diagnosis and assess severity? Select five (5) Correct answer.

A 68-year-old woman presents with worsening breathlessness and occasional dizziness over the past six months. She reports feeling fatigued with minimal exertion. She has a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes.

On examination, her blood pressure is 130/70 mmHg, and her carotid pulses are weak and delayed. A systolic murmur is heard at the right second intercostal space, radiating to the neck.

 

Which of the following investigations are essential to confirm the diagnosis and guide management? Select five (5) Correct answer.

 

A 75-year-old man presents with increasing shortness of breath and fatigue over the past six months. He reports occasional dizziness and chest discomfort when climbing stairs but denies syncope. He has a history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. On examination, his blood pressure is 130/75 mmHg, and his carotid pulses are weak and slow to rise. A harsh systolic murmur is heard at the right upper sternal border, radiating to the carotids. Echocardiography reveals a severely narrowed valve area with a high transvalvular pressure gradient.

 

Which of the following management strategies are appropriate for this condition? Select five (5) Correct answer.

 

A 67-year-old woman presents with increasing fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, and chest tightness over the past year. She denies syncope but notes occasional dizziness. She has a history of hypertension and chronic kidney disease.

On examination, her blood pressure is 125/70 mmHg, and her carotid pulse is weak and delayed. A crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur is heard at the right second intercostal space, radiating to the neck. Echocardiography confirms a severely narrowed valve with reduced stroke volume.

 

Which of the following management approaches are appropriate for this condition? Select five (5) Correct answer.

 

A 73-year-old man presents with worsening exertional breathlessness and occasional dizziness over the past year. He has a history of hypertension and chronic kidney disease. He denies chest pain at rest but notes that climbing stairs has become more difficult.

On examination, his blood pressure is 130/75 mmHg, and his carotid pulses are weak and delayed. A harsh systolic murmur is heard at the right upper sternal border, radiating to the carotids. Echocardiography reveals a heavily calcified valve with a reduced valve area and an increased transvalvular gradient.

 

Which of the following factors are associated with a worse prognosis in this condition? Select five (5) Correct answer.

 

A 65-year-old woman presents with progressive fatigue, shortness of breath, and mild chest tightness over the past six months. She has a history of type 2 diabetes and hyperlipedeamia. She has not had any episodes of syncope.

On examination, her blood pressure is 125/70 mmHg. Her carotid pulse is weak and slow-rising, and a systolic murmur is heard at the right upper sternal border, radiating to the neck. Echocardiography reveals a peak transvalvular gradient of 50 mmHg and a valve area of 0.8 cm².

 

Which of the following factors are associated with a better prognosis in this condition? Select five (5) Correct answer.

 

A 68-year-old man presents with intermittent palpitations and occasional shortness of breath over the past six months. He denies chest pain but notes a sensation of an irregular heartbeat, especially at night. On examination, his blood pressure is 140/85 mmHg. His pulse is irregularly irregular, and there is no peripheral oedema. An ECG is given below.

 

Which of the following factors increase the risk of developing this condition? Select five (5)

 

 

 

 

 

A 72-year-old woman presents with worsening fatigue and an irregular heartbeat noted on routine examination. She denies chest pain or syncope but reports occasional dizzinessOn examination, her blood pressure is 130/80 mmHg. There are no signs of heart failure. An ECG is given below.

 

Which of the following factors increase the risk of developing this condition? Select five (5) Correct answer.

 

 

A 55-year-old woman presents with progressive shortness of breath and occasional palpitations over the past year. She denies chest pain but reports waking up at night gasping for air. She has a history of a childhood infection that required hospitalization.

On examination, her blood pressure is 110/65 mmHg,.. She has mild jugular venous distension but no peripheral oedema. An ECG is given below.

 

Which of the following physical examination findings are commonly associated with this condition? Select five (5) Correct answer.

 

 

 

 

A 60-year-old man presents with worsening breathlessness and fatigue over the past eight months. He denies chest pain but has noticed occasional palpitations. He has a history of a childhood infection and was treated with antibiotics as a teenager.

On examination, his blood pressure is 115/65 mmHg… His cheeks appear flushed, and there is mild pedal oedema. An ECG is given below.

 

Which of the following physical examination findings are commonly associated with this condition? Select five (5) Correct answer.

 

 

 

A 72-year-old man presents with episodes of palpitations and shortness of breath over the past three months. He has a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes but denies chest pain or syncope. His primary care physician noted an irregular pulse during a routine checkup, prompting further evaluation. On examination, his blood pressure is 135/80 mmHg, and his pulse is irregularly irregular. There are no signs of heart failure. An ECG is performed in the clinic.

 

Which of the following investigations are most appropriate to confirm the diagnosis and assess underlying causes? Select five (5) Correct answer.

 

 

 

A 65-year-old woman presents with intermittent dizziness and palpitations that have become more frequent over the past six months. She has a history of chronic kidney disease and valvular heart disease. She denies chest pain but has had episodes of mild breathlessness on exertion. On examination, her pulse is irregularly irregular, and she has mild bilateral ankle swelling. Her blood pressure is 130/75 mmHg.

 

Which of the following investigations are necessary to confirm the diagnosis and guide management? Select five (5) Correct answer.

 

 

 

A 70-year-old man presents with intermittent palpitations, shortness of breath, and fatigue over the past six months. He has a history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. He denies chest pain or syncope but notes that his heart “races” at times. An ECG is given below..

 

Which of the following management strategies are most appropriate for this condition? Select five (5) Correct answer.